Geodetic study on earth surface loading with GNSS and GRACE

Abstract Ice, snow, and liquid water on the surface of Earth exert downward force onto solid earth deform lithosphere typically in seasonal timescale. Space techniques, such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), made it possible to directly measure subtle displacements caused by loading. We can also observe loads with time-variable gravity using recovery climate experiment satellites. These techniques an attracting scientific target modern geodesy. In this paper we briefly review history geophysical studies through geodetic observations crustal deformation gravity. advanced topics short-term due severe meteorological episodes monitoring terrestrial storages. present a few related change obliquity artificial subsidence signals snow accretion GNSS antenna radomes.